Surgery in ocular oncology

Surgery plays a central role in the management of ocular tumors, particularly in the context of rare cancers such as ocular melanoma (uveal melanoma and conjunctival melanoma). This type of surgery is highly specialized and must follow strict operative protocols. Surgical removal of the tumor must be complete and safe, while preserving visual function and surrounding ocular structures whenever possible. For these reasons, ocular oncology procedures must be performed exclusively in expert centers, where multidisciplinary teams are specifically trained in the diagnosis and treatment of eye cancers.

Certain specialized surgical procedures, such as the placement of localization clips for ocular tumors, are performed exclusively at these centers.

These specialized centers offer not only surgical expertise but also access to advanced diagnostic platforms, imaging technologies, genetic testing, and integrated medical or radiation therapy. Collaboration among ophthalmologists, pathologists, oncologists, and radiation oncologists is essential to ensure rapid, accurate, and individualized care for each patient.

A critical component of ocular cancer surgery lies in the analysis of the surgical specimens. The tumor tissue removed during surgery is not only essential for treatment but also serves as the cornerstone for accurate diagnosis. Histopathological examination—often combined with immunohistochemistry and, in some cases, molecular or genetic profiling—allows specialists to determine the precise nature of the lesion (benign, malignant, primary, or metastatic), assess tumor grade, and predict its biological behavior. This information is crucial for determining if additional treatment is needed and for tailoring a personalized therapeutic plan without delay.

In this context, ocular oncology surgery cannot be considered in isolation. It is part of a structured, multidisciplinary care pathway delivered by reference or competence centers. This national network ensures that patients receive expert evaluation and treatment within optimal timeframes, according to current international standards.